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C++ Basic Input/Output

C++ provides robust input/output (I/O) options to interact with your users and processes data. Here's a breakdown of the basics:

Standard Streams:

  • cin (standard input): Reads data from the user, typically entered through the keyboard.
  • cout (standard output): Sends data to the user, usually displayed on the console.
  • cerr (standard error): Prints error messages to the console (often red text).

Input Using cin:

  • Use the extraction operator (>>) to extract data from cin and store it in a variable.
  • Example:
C++
int age;
std::cin >> age; // Takes an integer from user input and stores it in 'age'
Use code with caution.

Output Using cout:

  • Use the insertion operator (<<) to insert data into cout.
  • Example:
C++
std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl; // Prints "Hello, world!" followed by a newline
Use code with caution.

Formatting Output:

  • Use the iomanip header for formatted output control.
  • Example:
C++
#include <iomanip>

std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << pi << std::endl; // Prints value of pi with 2 decimal places
Use code with caution.

Additional Streams:

  • File streams (fstream): Used for reading from and writing to files.
  • Network streams (iostream): Used for network communication.

Best Practices:

  • Always check if input operations were successful to avoid undefined behavior.
  • Use meaningful prompts to guide users on the expected input.
  • Validate user input to ensure data integrity.
  • Provide clear and informative error messages.

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